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Hanns Heinz Ewers (3 November 1871 in Düsseldorf – 12 June 1943 in Berlin) was a German actor, poet, philosopher, and writer of short stories and novels. While he wrote on a wide range of subjects, he is now known mainly for his works of horror, particularly his trilogy of novels about the adventures of Frank Braun, a character modeled on himself. The best known of these is ''Alraune'' (1911).〔Henry and Mary Garland, ''The Oxford companion to German literature''.Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0198158963 (pp.221–222).〕〔Mary Ellen Snodgrass,''Encyclopedia of Gothic Literature''. New York, Facts on File (2004). ISBN 0816055289 (p.106-7)〕 == Career == Ewers started to write poetry when he was 17 years old. His first noticed poem was an obituary tribute to the German Emperor Frederick III. Ewers earned his Abitur in March 1891. He then volunteered for the military and joined the ''Kaiser-Alexander-Gardegrenadier-Regiment No. 1'', but was dismissed 44 days later because of myopia. Ewers's literary career began with a volume of satiric verse, entitled ''A Book of Fables'', published in 1901. That same year he collaborated with Ernst von Wolzogen in forming a literary vaudeville theatre before forming his own such company, which toured Central and Eastern Europe before the operating expenses and constant interference from censors caused him to abandon the enterprise. A world traveler, Ewers was in South America at the beginning of World War I, and relocated to New York City, where he continued to write and publish. Ewers' reputation as a successful German author and performer made him a natural speaker for the Imperial German cause to keep the United States from joining the war as an ally of Britain. Ewers toured cities with large ethnic German communities and raised funds for the German Red Cross. During this period, he was involved with the "Stegler Affair". American shipping companies sympathetic to the fight against Imperial Germany reportedly aided the British in identifying German-descended passengers traveling to Germany to volunteer for the Kaiser's army. Many were arrested and interned in prison camps by the British Navy; eventually, German volunteers often required false passports to reach Europe unmolested. Ewers was implicated as a German agent by one of these ethnic Germans, Richard Stegler. After the United States joined the war he was arrested in 1918 as an "active propagandist," as the US government, as well as British and French intelligence agencies asserted that Ewers was a German agent. They evidenced his travels to Spain during 1915 and 1916, both with an alias using a falsified Swiss passport.〔E. F. Bleiler, "Ewers, Hanns Heinz" in Sullivan, Jack, (ed.) ''The Penguin Encyclopedia of Horror and the Supernatural''. (pp. 145–6). Viking, New York. 1986. ISBN 0670809020〕 Later, a travel report in the archives of the German Foreign Office was discovered indicating that he may have been traveling to Mexico, perhaps to encourage Pancho Villa to hamper the U.S. military by an attack on the United States. Ewers is associated with the pro-German George Sylvester Viereck,〔"Ewers, Hanns Heinz" by Brian Stableford in David Pringle, ''St. James Guide to Horror, Ghost and Gothic Writers''. London : St. James Press, 1998, ISBN 1558622063 (pp. 665–66).〕 son of the German immigrant and reported illegitimate Hohenzollern offspring Louis Sylvester Viereck (a Social Democrat famous for sharing a prison cell with August Bebel), who was a member of the same Berlin student corps (fraternity) as Ewers. Ewers' activities as an "Enemy Alien" in New York were documented by J. Christoph Amberger in the German historical journal ''Einst & Jetzt'' (1991). Amberger indicates arrival records which demonstrate that Ewers entered the United States in the company of a "Grethe Ewers," who is identified as his wife. Enemy Alien Office records refer to a recent divorce. The identity of this otherwise undocumented wife has never been established and is missing from most biographies. As a German national he was sent to the internment camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia. Ewers was never tried as a German agent in the United States. In 1921, he was released from the internment camp and returned to his native Germany. Ewers's first novel, ''Der Zauberlehrling (The Sorcerer's Apprentice)'', was published in 1910, with an English translation published in America in 1927. It introduces the character of Frank Braun, who, like Ewers, is a writer, historian, philosopher, and world traveler with a decidedly Nietzschean morality. The story concerns Braun's attempts to influence a small cult of Evangelical Christians in a small Italian mountain village for his own financial gain, and the horrific results which ensue.〔 This was followed in 1911 by ''Alraune'', a reworking of the Frankenstein myth, in which Braun collaborates in creating a female homunculus or android by impregnating a prostitute with the semen from an executed murderer. The result is a young woman without morals, who commits numerous monstrous acts. ''Alraune'' was influenced by the ideas of the eugenics movement, especially the book ''Degeneration'' by Max Nordau.〔 ''Alraune'' has been generally well received by historians of the horror genre; Mary Ellen Snodgrass describes ''Alraune'' as "Ewers' decadent masterwork",〔 Brian Stableford argues ''Alraune'' "deserves recognition as the most extreme of all "femme fatale" stories"〔 and E.F. Bleiler states the scenes in ''Alraune'' set in the Berlin underworld as among the best parts of the novel.〔 The novel was filmed several times, most recently by Erich von Stroheim in 1952. Bleiler notes "Both ''Alraune'' and ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'' are remarkable for the emotion the author can arouse" and that Ewers' writing is, at its best, "very effective". However, Bleiler also argues Ewers' work is marred by "annoying pretentiousness, vulgarity, and a very obtrusive and unpleasant author's personality".〔 The third novel of the sequence, ''Vampyr'', written in 1921, concerns Braun's own eventual transformation into a vampire, drinking the blood of his Jewish mistress.〔 Another novel, ''Der Geisterseher'' (The Ghost-Seer), Ewers' completion of the Friedrich Schiller novel, was published in 1922; Ewers' version was received badly.〔〔 Ewers also wrote the novel ''Reiter in deutscher Nacht'' (Riders in the German Night) published in 1932. Ewers wrote numerous short stories, those in ''Nachtmahr'' ("Nightmare") largely concern "pornography, blood sport, torture and execution".〔 Stories translated into English include the often anthologised "The Spider" (1915), a tale of black magic based on the story "The Invisible Eye" by Erckmann-Chatrian; "Blood", about knife fights to the death; and "The Execution of Damiens", a story about the execution of the 18th-century French criminal Robert-François Damiens that achieved some notoriety for its violence.〔 Ewers also published several plays, poems, fairy tales, opera librettos, and critical essays. These included ''Die Ameisen'', translated into English as ''The Ant People'', ''Indien und ich'', a travelogue of his time in India, and a 1916 critical essay on Edgar Allan Poe, to whom he has often been compared. Indeed, Ewers is still considered by some as a major author in the evolution of the horror literary genre, cited as an influence by American horror writers such as H. P. Lovecraft and Guy Endore.〔 Students of the occult are also attracted to his works, due to his longtime friendship and correspondence with Aleister Crowley. Ewers also translated several French writers into German, including Villiers de l'Isle-Adam.〔 Ewers also edited the eight-volume ''Galerie der Phantasten'' anthologies of horror and fantasy literature, featuring work by Poe, E. T. A. Hoffman, Oskar Panizza, Honoré de Balzac, Alfred Kubin, Ewers' friend Karl Hans Strobl, Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer and Ewers himself.〔Verna Schuetz, ''The bizarre literature of Hanns Heinz Ewers, Alfred Kubin, Gustav Meyrink, and Karl Hans Strobl''. (p.12) University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1974.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hanns Heinz Ewers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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